Artificial Intelligence and Gendered Security

Emerging artificial intelligence (AI) technologies bring promising opportunities but also new risks. Among these risks is the potential for AI tools to be (mis)used in ways that disproportionately harm women, girls, and minority communities.

Deepfakes are an increasingly concerning aspect of technology-enabled violence against women and girls. Produced using artificial intelligence, these manipulated images and videos can replace a person’s face or voice with another, often without their consent, creating the impression that they may have said or done something they did not. Such misuse disproportionately affects women, with deepfakes frequently deployed in exploitative, abusive, and explicit ways. For instance, a 2025 Oxford Internet Institute report documented nearly 35,000 deepfake models publicly available for download, with a combined usage of almost 15 million times since late 2022.

The authors found that 96% of these models focused on identifiable women to produce non-consensual intimate imagery, and many include search tags such as ‘porn,’ ‘sexy,’ or ‘nude,’ often in breach of platform rules as well as UK legal standards. 

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